Minors
A minor is available only to a matriculated student currently pursuing a baccalaureate degree. While not required for graduation, a minor provides an option for the student who wants an academic focus in addition to a major. Completion of a minor requires that a student earn a C (2.0) grade or better in each of the required courses for that minor. The same course may be used to meet both major and minor course requirements unless specifically stated otherwise in a major or minor. Substitutions are not allowed. A plan of study for the minor; signed by the department or program head, director, or faculty designee; must be submitted to the Degree Audit Office during the first four weeks of the semester in which the student expects to graduate. The minor is then recorded on the student's final transcript. The minor may be chosen from any of those listed below in alphabetical order by title.d
New Minor approved in Spring 2007: Diversity Studies in American Culture
African American Studies
This minor provides an interdisciplinary study of African people on the continent and Diaspora through the humanities, social sciences and the arts, with particular emphasis on African Americans. Its broad educational objectives are to engender among all students an intellectual appreciation of black life, to encourage students to develop critical and analytical skills, as well as to appreciate ideals of equality, democracy and humane values.
The requirements include 15 credit hours selected from the following:
- a) AFAM 211 (Introduction to African American Studies)
- b) One course each from groups A, B, and C
- c) One additional course from any of groups A, B, or C; or AFAM 298
Group A - History
AFAM/HIST 222, 223, 224, 246, 260, 285; AFAM/HIST/HRTS 238
Group B - Social and Political Inquiry
AFAM/ANTH 225, 275; AFAM/HRTS/SOCI 235, 236; AFAM/POLS 245, 239, 248; AFAM/SOCI 226, 240; AFAM/POLS/WS 247; AFAM/PSYC 270; ANTH 242W; HDFS 271
Group C - Literature and the Arts
AFAM/ENGL 276W, 277W; AFAM/FINA 183: DRAM 231/W; MUSI 217
The minor is administered by the Institute for African American Studies. For information, contact Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar: jeffrey.ogbar@uconn.edu.
African Studies
Students electing this minor must complete a minimum of 15 credits and meet a language requirement.
Course Requirements:
Two courses are required from among the following courses in the Social Sciences:
AFAM/ANTH 225, AFAM/HIST 223, AFAM/POLS 239; AFAM/SOCI 226
One course is required from among the following courses in the Humanities:
CLCS 201 Comparative Literature: African Literature;ENGL 218 Literature and Culture of the Third World: African Literature, FREN 218
Six more credits are required in courses on the lists of courses meeting the Social Sciences and Humanities requirements and/or the following courses:
ARE 255, ANTH 223, 264, ARTH 285, ECON 247, GEOG 258, AFAM/HIST 222, POLS 244
Language Requirement:
Intermediate proficiency in an approved language other than English is required for the minor. This will be either the official language of an African country, e.g. Arabic, French, Portuguese, Swahili, or a widely used African language. Requires completion of the fourth semester of a college-level language sequence or examination by a faculty instructor in the language.
The minor is administered by the Center for Contemporary African Studies. For information, contact Elizabeth Mahan: elizabeth.mahan@uconn.edu.
Agribusiness Management
The minor will provide an overview of marketing, management, and financial principals and concepts in agribusiness. Analytical and applied decision-making skills are emphasized. All students are required to complete 18 credits from the following courses:
ARE 215, ARE 217, ARE 221, ARE 225, ARE 257, ARE 260/W, ARE 275, ARE 285; PLSC 244; ANSC 238, or 277WC, any 200-level ARE course, if approved by minor advisor.
Note: ARE 150 may be required for some 200-level Agricultural and Resource Economic courses. Other courses listed may have additional prerequisites as well. At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above.
The minor is offered by the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. For more information, contact Dr. Linda K. Lee at Linda.Lee@uconn.edu or (860) 486-2836.
American Studies
This minor promotes an interdisciplinary understanding of the complex economic, political, and cultural structures at the root of the societies of the Western Hemisphere. Our studies range from the first immigrations across the land bridge from Siberia, to the colonization of the Americas by Europeans, to the present day. Students may also examine such issues as ethnicity, gender relations, and environmental awareness, and discuss how literary and visual artists have articulated contemporary cultural concerns. Students must complete fifteen credits, including any one of the following:
ENGL 270, ENGL 271, or ARTH 254 and one approved 200-level history course.
They must then choose a track, a series of related, 200-level courses within a broad area of study. Students must complete three courses within this track in order to attain the minor. These courses may be used to fulfill a student's "related" course requirement; however, a student may not use American Studies courses to fulfill simultaneously the requirements of his or her major field and the requirements of the minor.
To insure focus, students must provide a brief rationale for their track and course choices.
The minor is offered by the American Studies Program. For more information, contact Wayne Franklin, Director, 486-4263.
Anthropology
The requirements for this minor are at least 15 credits in Anthropology courses that include (1) two courses chosen from ANTH 214, 220, 233, and 244, and (2) three additional 200-level courses, with the exception that not more than three credits of 290 - 299 series courses may be counted toward the minor. Students are encouraged to consult with advisors in Anthropology and in their major field to design a plan of study appropriate to their long-term goals.
The minor is offered by the Anthropology Department.
* Read an Advance article about a professor in the Department of Anthropology.
Aquaculture
This minor provides students with a basic understanding of aquaculture, especially in closed circulation systems. Students will be required to complete 18 credits which include a common core for all students and a selection of courses based on a specific area of interest. The requirements for the minor are:
NRME 208, EEB 200, PNB 235, one 2-credit internship (as approved by advisor), and two courses from the following: NRME 235, ARE 215, PVS 256, ANSC 253, NUSC 212, EEB 294/MARN 294
The minor is offered jointly by the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. For more information, contact Dr. Eric Schultz at Eric.Schultz@uconn.edu.
Aquaculture Business Management
The minor provides interested students with an overview of marketing, management, and financial principals and concepts in aquaculture management. Analytical and applied decision-making skills are emphasized.
All students are required to complete 15 credits from the following two groups.
1. 12 credits from: NRME 208; ARE 235, 236, 250
2. 3 credits from: ARE 215, 217, 225, 257, 275; ANSC 253; Any one 200-level ARE course approved by the minor advisor.
At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above. The minor is offered by the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. For more information, contact Dr. Linda K. Lee at linda.lee@uconn.edu or 860-486-2836.
Art History
This minor provides students with an interdisciplinary understanding of the current and historical roles that the visual arts play in a range of artistic, cultural and social contexts. Students are required to complete fifteen 200-level credits in Art History drawn from at least three of the following categories:
A. Ancient: ARTH 243, 246, 280*
B. Medieval: ARTH 257, 258, 259, 262*, 280*
C. Renaissance-Baroque: ARTH 250, 251, 273, 278*
D. Modern-Contemporary: ARTH 209, 220/220W, 252, 253, 254, 267, 268, 275*, 276*, 279*, 281, 282, 291, 292
E. Cross-Cultural Perspectives: ARTH 212*, 256, 275*, 276*, 277, 278*, 279*, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289
F. Art History Theory and Methodology: ARTH 210, 211, 212W*, 262*, 272, and 297
| Courses marked with an asterisk ( * ) may be used to fill one, but not both, of the categories they designate. |
Students interested in this minor, should arrange for a counselor with the Art History Coordinator, Department of Art and Art History, School of Fine Arts.
The minor is offered by the Art and Art History Department.
Asian American Studies
Asian American Studies is an interdepartmental, interdisciplinary program devoted to the study of the Asian American experience within the larger context of an increasingly diverse American society. Although the primary focus of the minor is upon Asian Americans, attention is also given to the study of the global context, especially Asia, since this larger context informs the Asian American experience.
Students are required to complete eighteen credits at the 200-level by completion of Sections A, B, C, and D:
Three credits from Section A: AASI 201.
Six credits from Section B: AASI 215, AASI/ARTH 220, AASI/ENGL 274, AASI/HIST 268, AASI/HIST 294, AASI/HRTS/SOCI 221
Six credits from Section C: AASI 214, AASI 216, AASI/HRTS/SOCI 222, AASI/HIST 277, AASI/HIST 287, AASI/HIST 288, HIST 221; POLS 279; and
Three credits from Section D: AFAM/ENGL 276W; AFAM/HIST/HRTS 238; ANTH/PRLS 241; AFAM/HRTS/SOCI 235, 236; COMM 232/PRLS 260; DRAM 213; AFAM/HIST 246; HIST/ WS 215; PRLS 295.
Additionally with the approval of the Minor Advisor, a three-credit independent study course with substantial Asian American or Asian content may also be counted towards the minor in lieu of a course in either section B and or C.
This minor is offered by the Asian American Studies Minor Advisor, Director, Asian American Studies Institute, 422 Beach Hall, Rm. 417. For more information, e-mail Asiadm01@uconnvm.uconn.edu or phone (860) 486-4751.
Bioinformatics 
Bioinformatics is a new field of science that results from the application of information sciences to biology. Its goals are to facilitate data storage and retrieval, and the extraction of useful information from biological data.
Students wishing a minor in Bioinformatics must take at least 15 credits of the following courses, including at least one course from each of the following four groups. A single course cannot fulfill more than one group requirement. Courses used to satisfy requirements for the student's major may be used to satisfy group requirements but may not be used towards the 15 credits for the Bioinformatics minor.
Group A: Bio-Computing / Computer Science
MCB 221, 232; MCB/EEB 372; EEB 348, EEB 462; CSE 207, 210W, 230, 233, 237, 255, 259, 277
Group B: Data Banks / Statistics
STAT 201Q, 220, 230 and 231 (Note: both courses must be taken to satisfy this group requirement); CSE 255
Group C: Protein Structure / Biochemistry
MCB 203, 204, 209, 221, 311
Group D: Genetics
MCB 200, 201, 212, 213, 217 ; EEB 348
MCB 299, CSE 298, and CSE 299 can be counted towards the 15 credit requirement, if approved by a member of the bioinformatics oversight committee.
The minor is offered jointly by the School of Engineering and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. For the Bioinformatics minor, contact Dr. Ion Mandoiu at ion@engr.uconn.edu or Dr. J. Peter Gogarten at gogarten@uconn.edu.
Biological Sciences
Students wishing to complete this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200 level courses from Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Neurobiology. It is strongly recommended that at least one course include laboratory or field work. Courses chosen for the minor must include at least one course or course sequence from each of the following three groups:
A. MCB 200, 203, 204, 210, 213, or 229.
B. EEB 244/244W or 245/245W.
C. PNB 250, 264-265, or 274-275. PNB 264-265 or 274-275 must be taken in sequence to be counted towards the Biology minor.
The minor is offered jointly by the departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Neurobiology.
Biomedical Engineering
Business
In order to receive a minor in Business, a student must complete five, 3 credit, 200-level courses (15 credit hours) offered by the School of Business. Credits from internships (289's) cannot be used to satisfy the requirement. No more than three of these credits may be from transfer credits of courses equivalent to University of Connecticut courses, UConn Study Abroad or National Student Exchange courses. With approval, one 4 credit transfer course may be used. Note: Accreditation standards restrict students who are not majors in the School of Business to no more than 27 credits of coursework offered by the School of Business.
Courses used to fulfill the requirements for the business minor may not also be used to fulfill the requirements for the entrepreneurship minor. Courses designed for students pursuing a minor can be found in the Business Administration (BADM) course description section of the Catalog . Other courses offered to business majors may be available to students pursuing a minor, but students will typically require departmental permission to register for those classes. Students should also note that they must meet all requisites for those classes.
The minor is offered by the School of Business. For the Business minor, contact the Undergraduate Programs Office, School of Business, room 121 or phone (860) 486-2315.
Chemistry
Students taking this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200-level Chemistry courses. The following courses are required:
CHEM 243, 244, and 245* 9 credits
CHEM 232 4 credits
*Chem 240 may be used in place of CHEM 245 by Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering majors only.
Further, students must take one course from the following list:
The minor is offered by the Chemistry Department.
Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies
This minor allows students to pursue an interest in Greek, Latin, and Biblical literature, history, art, and philosophy through an organized course of study. Students who wish to work in the original language may elect to do so as well. Students electing the minor must complete a minimum of 15 credits from the following:
A. Two courses on Classical or Biblical literature in English (a second course from C may be substituted for any of these):
CAMS 241W, 242W; INTD 294
B. At least one course dealing with the ancient world:
CAMS 243, 244, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 293*, 295*, 298*, 299* (These may be cross-listed under Art History, History, Judaic Studies, and Philosophy.) JUDS /HEB 201 and INTD 294 may also be included.
C. Optional: Courses involving reading in Greek and/or Latin:
231
CAMS 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 221, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, , 232, 293*, 298*, 299*
| *May count toward minor only with consent of advisor. |
The minor is offered by the Modern and Classical Languages Department.
Communication
Students wishing to complete this minor must take at least 15 200-level credits in COMM courses. Selected courses must include:
- 1. COMM 200Q or an equivalent course in research methods
- 2. At least two from COMM 210, 220, and 230
- 3. At least one from COMM 205, 211, 215, 225W, 226, 232 (PRLS 260), 241, 242W, 243, 245 (WS 268), 250, 251, 255 (PSYC 255), 260, 262, 264, 270W, 271, 272, 273W, and, with COMM advisor's permission, 297 and 298
- 4. Not more than one from COMM 280, 282, 288, 290, 291
The minor is offered by the Communications Sciences Department.
Criminal Justice
The purpose of this minor is to provide in-depth study of topics in criminal justice and to offer preparation for possible careers within the criminal justice system. A maximum of three credits in the minor can be part of a major; 12 to 15 credits can constitute the related area courses.
Course Requirements
A total of 18 credits from the following courses:
1. Three required courses:
POLS 255, SOCI 216, PSYC 245
2. One Course (Three credits) from the following:
HDFS 288 Supervised Field Experience*, INTD 210 Urban Field Studies, POLS 297 Supervised Field Work*, SOCI 296 Field Experience*, SOCI 340 Seminar in Criminal Justice (for seniors with at least a 2.6 cumulative GPA), or PSYC 294 Field Experience
| *Field work must be in a criminal justice setting.. |
Students who are employed full time within a criminal justice setting may have the Group II requirement waived by their Criminal Justice Advisor when employment is documented by their supervisor.
3. Two or more courses (Six credits) from the following list: HDFS 201, 264, 266, 276, 284; HRTS/WS 263; PHIL 226; POLS 251, 252, 260 , 274; 299 (on a criminal justice topic); PSYC 202Q, 240, 243, 256; SOCI 217, 218, 218W, 219, 243, 244, 285, 299 (on a criminal justice topic), 340 (for seniors with at least a 2.6 cumulative GPA).
The minor is offered by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Interested political science majors should contact Frank Goetz at Frank.Goetz@UConn.edu. Psychology majors should contact Eleanor Coldwell at Eleanor.Coldwell@UConn.edu. Family studies' majors should contact Steven Wisensale at Steven.Wisensale@UConn.edu. Sociology majors should contact Brad Wright at Bradley.Wright@UConn.edu. Greater Hartford campus students should contact Lola Elliott-Hugh at lola.elliott-hugh@uconn.edu. All other students should contact the Individualized and Interdisciplinary Studies Program office at cis@uconn.edu.
Dairy Management
This minor provides interested students with an in-depth exposure to all aspects of dairy farm management. Students will have the opportunity to manage a portion of the UConn dairy herd and be responsible for daily activities and short and long-term decision-making. All students are required to complete the 18 credits from the following courses: ANSC 275, 277WC, 278; PVS 202; ARE 215, 217. At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above.
The minor is offered by the Animal Science Department.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Students wishing to complete this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200's level (or higher) EEB courses, which must include both 244 (or 244W) and 245 (or 245W).
The minor is offered by the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department.
Economics
English
Students wishing to complete this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200's level English courses, including:
1. At least one of ENGL 205 (or English Honors 206 or 253) and ENGL 206 (or English Honors 255 or 256);
2. At least one of ENGL 270 (or English Honors 251) and 271 (or Honors 252); and
3. Any three other 200-level English courses, with the following exceptions: 201, 209W, 220-226, 250, 293, and 297.
The minor is offered by the English Department.
Entrepreneurship
To receive this minor, a student must complete five, 3 credit, 200-level courses (15 credit hours) offered by the School of Business. Credits from internships cannot be used to satisfy the requirement. No more than three of these credits may be from UConn Study Abroad or National Student Exchange courses.
Courses used to fulfill the requirements for the entrepreneurship minor may not also be used to fulfill the requirements for the business minor. Note: Accreditation standards restrict students who are not majors in the School of Business to no more than 27 credits of coursework offered by the School of Business.
Courses designed for students pursuing this minor can be found in the Business Administration (BADM) course description section of the Catalog . Other courses offered to business majors may be available to students pursuing a minor, but students will typically require departmental permission to register for those classes. Students should also note that they must meet all requisites for those classes.
As part of the five courses required for the minor, students must satisfy the following requirements: BADM 240 or MGMT 201; BADM 241 or MGMT 234; and BADM 242 or MGMT 235
The minor is offered by the School of Business. For more information, contact the Undergraduate Programs Office, School of Business, room 121 or phone (860) 486-2315.
Environmental Economics and Policy
The minor will provide interested students with an overview of key concepts and methods used by economists to analyze problems associated with human use and misuse of natural resources and the environment and to evaluate policy options for better management of these resources for current and future generations.
All students are required to complete 12 credits from the following courses: ARE 234/W, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 260/W, 299, or any other 200-level ARE course if approved by the Minor Advisor. The 12 credits used to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above.
The minor is offered by the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. For more information, contact Dr. Linda K. Lee at Linda.Lee@uconn.edu or (860) 486-2836.
Environmental Engineering
This minor can significantly enhance and strengthen the educational experience of students to provide a firm basis for understanding the impact of human activity and pollutants on the environment as well as the need for environmentally sound manufacturing processes and sustainable development. It requires completion of 18 credits including the following:
An approved Plan of Study
ENVE/CE 260, 263, 279
ENVE/CHEG 285
6 elective credits from an approved list of 200-level courses, but not more than 3 credits of research
The minor is offered by the Environmental Engineering Program. For the Environmental Engineering minor, contact Dr. Amvrossios Bagtzoglou at acb@engr.uconn.edu.
Environmental Studies
Environmental Studies is broadly concerned with the interaction between humans and the environment. The Environmental Studies Minor is a coherent 16-credit interdisciplinary (humanities, social sciences, and sciences) program to enable students interested in social science and/or policy approaches to solve environmental problems on a local, national, and global level. This minor provides students the oppurtunity to focus their related area and/or electives on environmental issues. None of the courses in the minor can be used within the student's major.
Requirements. Total of 16 credits as follows:
Core Courses:
EEB 244 or GEOL 250
3 credits from ANTH 236Q, ARE 234, ENGL 239, GEOG 236, NRME 240 or PHIL 216
Electives. (Additional 9 credits, no more than 6 from one department)-
AH 226; ANTH 261, 293, 282; ARE 234; EEB/GEOL 205, EEB 244; ENGL 239; GEOG 232, 236, 237, 285W, 286; HIST/SCI 206; NRME 240; PHIL 216; POLS 212; SCI 240. In addition, ANTH 236Q, EEB 244, GEOL 250 may be taken as electives if not chosen core courses.
Students may also incorporate off campus study with the minor advisor's approval, such as internships, Biosphere, or study abroad.
The minor is offered jointly by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. For more information, please contact Robin Chazdon, Ph.D., Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department (860) 486-4057 or Jean Crespi, Ph.D. Geology and Geophysics (860) 486-4435.
Equine Business Management
The minor provides interested students with an overview of marketing, management, and financial principals and concepts in equine management. Analytical and applied decision-making skills are emphasized.
All students are required to complete 18 credits from the following two groups:
1. Nine credits from the core courses: ANSC 235, 238; ARE 215
2. Nine credits from the following courses: ARE 217, 225, 238, 257, 275 and any one 200-level ARE course, if approved by the minor advisor.
At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above.
The minor is offered by the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. For more information, contact Dr. Linda K. Lee at linda.lee@uconn.edu or 860-486-2836. European Studies
This minor allows students to pursue an interest in social, historical, political, and cultural aspects of Western Europe or to pursue a topic, such as environmental protection or cultural identity, that cuts across regions. Students electing this minor must complete a minimum of 18 credits at the 200 level distributed across the following categories:
1. One required course: HIST 229
2. Three courses distributed across three of the following four disciplines: ECON 201 or 201W; GEOG 254; HIST 228 or 228W; HIST 258 or 258W; HIST 259 or 259W; POLS 231 or 231W; POLS 240 or 240W
3. One course from the ES advisor's list of approved electives, chosen in close consultation with the ES advisor. With the advisor's approval, a student may opt to do a senior thesis, equivalent to three credits of the elective requirement, on an aspect of European Studies.
4. One three-credit course at the 200's level in European literature, culture, or civilization, from the Modern and Classical Languages listings; or the student may combine three 1-credit Linkage Through Language modules for a total of 3 credits.
5. Language requirement: Intermediate proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and understanding a European language other than English, demonstrated either through completion of the fourth semester of a college-level language sequence or through examination by a faculty instructor in the language. Study abroad is strongly encouraged as an effective means to increase proficiency.
The minor is administered under the auspices of the Center for European Studies. Courses of study are supervised by committees of participating faculty. For further information, including a list of designated courses, contact Ludmilla Burns, Program Advisor, 486-5888.
Film Studies
Students electing this minor must take two courses from each of the following three Distribution Groups:
- Two courses in national cinemas: DRAM 251; GERM 281 (taught in German), 284 (taught in English); FREN 223 (taught in either English or French), 226 (taught in
English); ILCS 260W (taught in English); SPAN 219 (taught in Spanish), 209 (taught in either English or Spanish), 250 (taught in English)
This interdisciplinary minor is offered by the Department of Modern and Classical Languages. For more information, contact Norma Bouchard by e-mail at bouchard@uconnvm.uconn.edu or by phone at (860) 486-3292.
* Read an Advance article about the minor in Film Studies. (Photo by Dollie Harvey)
Food Science
This minor addresses food science as an academic discipline which utilizes approaches for solving applied science problems associated with the aquisition and processing of food.
Students in this minor must pass:
ANSC 224, NUSC 212, ANSC 253, NUSC 233
Additional courses from the following to meet the 18 credit total requirement:
ANSC/NUSC 160, ARE 150, NUSC 165, ANSC 298, NUSC 166, NUSC 235
At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above. The minor is offered by the Animal Science Department and the Nutritional Science Department.
French
The French minor consists of 18 semester credit hours at the 200 level in French: 6 credits from A) Language, 6 credits from B) French and Francophone Culture, 6 credits from C) French Literary Studies. Study abroad in our Paris program is recommended (students in Paris may earn up to 9 credits towards the French Minor).
Any of the courses may be replaced by the appropriate FREN 293 from Paris.
A. Language (French grammar, written language and oral skills)
Grammar and composition: FREN 268 or 269
Conversation and Phonetics: FREN 250, 251, or 257
B: French and Francophone Culture (any 2 courses from the list)
FREN 210, 211, 224, 283, 218, 281, 215, 216, 217
C: French Literary Studies (any two courses from the list)
FREN 220, 221, 222, 223, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 261, 262, 272, 280
The minor is offered by the Department of Modern and Classical Languages.
Geographic Information Science
The minor consists of courses that concern spatial data aquisition, evaluation, manipulation, and analysis. Students electing this minor must complete at least fifteen credits from the following:
1. Two required courses: GEOG 246C and GEOG 248C
2. One of the following: GEOG 240C, GEOG 245C
3. One of the following: ECON 216C, GEOG 242Q, MATH 204, MATH 255, STAT 201Q
Geography majors may not select GEOG 242Q, and may not use any other Geography course to fulfill both major and minor requirements.
The minor is offered by the Geography Department.
Geography
The requirements for this minor are GEOG 200 or 204, GEOG 205, and an additional 9 credits of 200-level Geography courses selected in consultation with an advisor to form a coherent program of study.
The minor is offered by the Geography Department.
Geology and Geophysics
The minor in Geology and Geophysics provides instruction in the core concepts and principal methods of investigation in the study of the Earth. This course of study compliments a major in the biological or marine sciences, chemistry, physics, civil and environmental engineering, anthropology, geography, or natural resources management and engineering.
Students wishing to take this minor must complete the requirements of either the Geology Option or the Geophysics Option.
The Geology Option consists of the following four courses:
GEOL 250, 251, 252, 253
An additional 200-level Geology and Geophysics course, chosen in consultation with the Geology Option minor advisor, must also be completed so that the total number of credits is at least 15.
The Geophysics Option consists of the following four courses:
GEOL 274, 276, 277, 278
An additional 200-level Geology and Geophysics course, chosen in consultation with the Geophysics Option minor advisor, must also be completed so that the total number of credits is at least 15.
The minor is offered by the Center for Integrative Geosciences.
German
This minor allows students to develop knowledge and skills in the areas of German language, literature, and culture through a coherent course of study. Students electing this minor must complete a minimum of 15 credits at the 200 level distributed across the following categories:
- 1. Language skill courses: students must choose 2 of the following courses: GERM 231, 233, 234, 245, 246
- 2. Content Courses (in literature, film, culture, etc.): students must choose 2 of the following, or they may substitute three 1-credit Linkage Through Language courses in German for one of the following 3-credit courses: GERM 253W, 254W, 255W, 281W, 285, 293, 296, 298 (if taught in German)
- 3. Courses in English: students must choose one of the following: GERM 251, 258, 284W
The minor is offered by the Department of Modern and Classical Languages.
Gerontology
Specialized training in aging is available through this minor. The minor offers students preparing for careers in aging the opportunity to pursue a formally recognized program of studying gerontology. The 18-credit minor consists of both course work and field experiences working in community settings serving older adults.
Course Requirements
- 3. Six credits in HDFS 288: Fieldwork in Community Settings Working with Older Adults
Six credits of fieldwork with older adults may consist of either two 3-credit field experiences during different semesters or one 6-credit field experience.
The minor is administered under the auspices of the Center on Aging and Human Development. Students should contact the Department of Human Development and Family Studies.
History
Students must pass five courses (15 credits), by completing (A) five courses across at least three distribution groups, or (B) HIST 211 and four courses across at least three distribution groups.
List of Courses
Group A - Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern: HIST 212 (ANTH 257), 213 (CAMS 253), 214 (CAMS 254), 216 (CAMS 255), 217 (CAMS 243), 218 (CAMS 256, HEB 218, JUDS 218), 219, 220, 250, 251, 255, 257 (CAMS 250), 261, 267, 271, 272, 273, 274
Group B - Modern Europe: HIST 202 (HEB 203, JUDS 203), HIST 203, 206 (SCI 206), 208 (WS 208), 209 (HDFS 279), 225, 228, 229, 252, 253 (HRTS 253), 254, 256, 258, 259, 262, 264, 265, 269, 279, 291.
Group C - United States: HIST 206 (SCI 206), 207, 210 (WS 210), 215 (WS 215), 227, 233W (LAMS 233W/PRLS 234W), 234, 235, 236, 237, 238 (AFAM 238, HRTS 238), 239, 240, 241 (URBN 241), 242, 243, 244, 245, 246 (AFAM 246), 247, 248, 249, 253 (HRTS 253), 260 (AFAM 260), 266, 268 (AASI 268), 278 (PRLS 220), 284 (PRLS 221, HRTS 220), 294 (AASI 294).
Group D - Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Middle East: HIST 204, 205, 221, 222 (AFAM 222), 223 (AFAM 223), 224 (AFAM 224), 226 (HRTS 226), 233W (LAMS 233W/PRLS 234W), 253 (HRTS 253), 263, 266, 275, 276, 277 (AASI 277), 278 (PRLS 220), 280, 281, 282, 283, 285 (AFAM 285), 286, 287 (AASI 287), 288 (AASI 288), 289, 290.
Variable Topics Courses HIST 201, 270, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, or a graduate level History course) may be applied to any of the four distribution groups as determined by course content and with the Undergraduate Director's consent.
The minor is offered by the History Department.
Human Rights
This minor provides interdisciplinary instruction in theoretical, comparative, and historical perspectives on human rights through classroom courses, and valuable practical experience in the human rights field through a supervised internship. Fifteen credits at the 200 level are required. Six credits from Group A, Core Courses, six credits from Group A or B, Electives, and three credits from Group C, Internship. More than six credits may not be taken in one department. A student may petition the Director of the Human Rights Minor to allow a course not on the following list to count as an Elective (Group B).
- Group A. Core Courses: HRTS/POLS 205, POLS/HRTS 258, HIST/HRTS 226, HIST/HRTS 253
- Group B. Electives: AFAM/HIST/HRTS 238; AFAM/HRTS/SOCI 235, 236; ANTH/HRTS 280W; ANTH 226; ANTH/ WS231; ANTH/HRTS 228; AASI/HIST 268; AASI/HRTS/SOCI 221, 222; ECON 202, 207, 247; ENGL/HRTS 241; HIST/WS 215: HIST/AFAM 224; HIST 237; HIST 202/HEB 203/JUDS 203; HIST 284/HRTS 220/PRLS 221; PHIL/HRTS 219; HRTS/POLS 225; HRTS/SOCI 249, 268, 269; HRTS/WS 263; PHIL 215, 218; PHIL 245/ECON 206 ; POLS 244; POLS/HRTS 256; SOCI/HRTS 215; SOCI 243, 258.
- Group C. Internship: HRTS 245
The minor is offered by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. For more information, contact Richard Hiskes in the Political Science department.
India Studies
Completion of a minimum of fifteen credits at the 200-level is required, including at least 2 courses from Group A and at least two courses from Group B. In addition the India Studies minor requires the completion of INDS 296 or participation in an approved, credit-bearing Study Abroad program in India. Any remaining credits can be completed in INDS courses or an additional course from Group A or B. Also recommended are appropriate 100-level courses that provide an introduction to the advanced courses. These might include PHIL 106 and ARTH 140. Students are strongly encouraged (although not required) to take an Indian language course in the Critical Languages program.
Group A: Core courses
AASI/HIST 277; INDS 210; PHIL 263; POLS 279/279W; AASI/HRTS/SOCI 222; ENGL 218 (when taught as “India”); ART 244
Group B: Related courses
SOCI 258/258W; POLS/WS 203; ECON 247/247W; ARE 255; ENGL 227/227W; AASI 216
The minor is offered by the India Studies Program. For more information, contact Elizabeth Hanson, 486-2534.
Information Technology
This program extends the benefits of an Information Technology education to engineering majors who are not participating in one of the School of Engineering's Computer Science majors.
Course Requirements:
1. Two required courses (six credits):
CE 211 and CSE 254
2. Two courses from the following (six credits)
CSE 201, 221, 228, 230, 237, 244, 245, 255, 257, 258, 259, 275, and 282
3. One additional course to be determined by the student and the faculty advisor (three credits)
The minor is offered by the School of Engineering. For the Information Technology minor, contact Dr. Alexander Shvartsman at: aas@engr.uconn.edu.
International Studies
This minor enables students, regardless of their fields of concentration, to develop a broad understanding of the rapidly changing global environment. The minor requires fifteen to eighteen hours of course work, and either an intermediate level of competency in a modern foreign language, participation in an approved Study Abroad program, or completion of an internship. Further information on the International Studies minor can be obtained from the International Studies Minor Advisor, Ludmilla Burns, 486-5888, or at http://oia.uconn.edu/minor.html.
Italian Cultural Studies
Students electing this minor must complete 18 credits from the following:
A. Two courses in Italian literature and/or cinema in English: ILCS 255W, 256, 258/258W, 260W
B. Two courses in History: HIST 216, 267, 269, 271, 297W
C. One course in Art History: ARTH 251W, 272, 273W
D. One additional 200 level course in Italian Cultural Studies or History. ILCS 239, 240, 270, and 289 may count for Group D.
Students must demonstrate proficiency in Italian at a level equivalent to ILCS 147.
The minor is offered by the Department of Modern and Classical Languages.
Italian Literary Studies
This minor requires the completion of 18 credits in 200 level courses. All of the courses listed below require ILCS 145, 146, 147, 148, or the equivalent, as prerequisites, but those language courses do not count toward the minor. The following are the courses required for completion:
The minor is offered by the Department of Modern and Classical Languages.
Judaic Studies
The purpose of this minor is to provide in depth study of topics in Judaic Studies reflecting the history, literature and culture of the diverse experiences of the Jews throughout the world stretching back four millennia to biblical Israel.
Course Requirements
JUDS 103/HEB 103 is a prerequisite. At least one year of biblical or modern Hebrew is strongly recommended. A total of 15 credits from the following 200-level courses is required:
A minimum of six credits in Foundational Courses (Group A): HEB/JUDS 201; HEB 203/HIST 202/JUDS 203; JUDS/SOCI 242; CAMS 256/HEB 218/HIST 218/JUDS 218; INTD 294.
A maximum of nine credits in Topical Courses (Group B): HEB 277, 279, 293, 299; JUDS 202, 397; CAMS 244; CAMS 253/HIST 213; HIST 205, 290, 298.
The minor is offered by the Judaic Studies Department.
Landscape Design
This minor provides an introduction to landscape architecture, the communication of ideas via presentation drawing, and the methodology of designing the landscape to meet individual and societal needs.
Students in this minor must pass a total of 16 credits including: HORT 202; LAND 255, 275
And three of the following courses: HORT 214, 215, 231; LAND 277, 290W; PLSC 245; TURF 284
At least 12 of the credits taken to satisfy the minor must be from courses that are not required for the student's major or other minors within the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources.
Students must earn a combined grade point average of 2.5 or higher for all courses listed above.
The minor is offered by the Plant Science Department.
Latin American Studies
This minor provides basic, interdisciplinary understanding of Latin America and the Caribbean that supplements a student's undergraduate major. Students must complete a minimum of four 200-level courses on Latin America and/or the Caribbean selected from at least three disciplines. At least two of the four courses must be selected from the following: ANTH 221, 229; HIST 281, 282, 283; POLS 235; SPAN 205
Students minoring in Latin American Studies must also take LAMS 290, the Latin American Studies Research Seminar. Only 3 credits of Latin America-related course work in the student's major department may be counted towards the minor. Students must also complete one 200-level course in Spanish and/or Portuguese. Students minoring in Latin American Studies should also consider participating in a study abroad program in Latin America or the Caribbean.
The minor is offered by the Latin American Studies Program. For information, contact Elizabeth Mahan: elizabeth.mahan@uconn.edu.
Latino Studies
An interdisciplinary minor in Latino Studies is available through the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences for those who wish to develop an understanding of the cultural, historical and socio-political aspects that affect U.S. Latinos/as as an important segment of American society. The minor offers students the opportunity to focus on specific issues related to Latinos/as in the United States while expanding their knowledge in the Social Sciences and Humanities. The courses provide a multicultural approach to knowledge and explore multidisciplinary methodologies in research. Students may elect to take a research project or an internship course to further integrate the knowledge and skills developed.
Students must complete a minimum of fifteen 200-level credits with a grade C or higher.
A. Core courses:
One required course: PRLS 210 (3 credits)
Two courses selected from PRLS course offerings (6 credits):
ANTH/ PRLS 241; COMM 232/PRLS 260; COMM 233/PRLS 264 /WS 260; ENGL 261/PRLS 232; ENGL 262/PRLS 233; HIST 284/HRTS 220/PRLS 221; HIST 278/PRLS 220; HDFS 267/ PRLS 250; HDFS 268/PRLS 251; POLS 249/PRLS 270; PRLS 271, 295-01, 295-02; PRLS 230/WS 258; PRLS 231/WS 259 One or two of the following research or internship courses (3-6 credits):
PRLS 211, 212, 299
B. Related Elective courses (if needed):
200-level courses from a related discipline such as Anthropology, Communication Sciences, Economics, History, Political Science, Sociology, Spanish, or Women's Studies: ANTH 229; ECON 223; ENGL 278; HIST 282; AFAM/HIST 285; AFAM/SOCI 240; HDFS 270; HRTS/SOCI 249; HRTS/SOCI 268; POLS 235; POLS/URBN 263W; POLS/WS 203; PRLS/SPAN 294; SOCI 243; WS 267
The minor is offered by the Institute of Puerto Rican/Latino Studies. For more information, contact Blanca G. Silvestrini, Director, (860) 486-3997.
Linguistics
This minor requires 15 credits of 200-level course work. Required courses are:
In addition, students must take at least one course from Group B.
- B. Linguistics extensions: Any other 200's- level Linguistics course.
Finally, students must take a second course from the group in B, or one course from Group C:
The minor is offered by the Linguistics Department.
Marine Biology
This minor requires at least 15 credits of 200's level course work. Required courses (Group A) are:
- A. Core courses: MARN 260*, MARN 294/EEB 294
In addition, students must take at least three of the following courses from Group B:
- B. Electives: MARN 236 or 282/382, 241, 240, 242, 265/365, 267/333, 331, 332, 293;EEB 200, 275**
* Students who have taken both MARN 210 and 211 may substitute these for MARN 260 in Group A.
** Coastal Studies majors may not use their 200's level MARN elective courses to count for both the major and the Group B requirement for the Marine Biology minor.
The minor is offered by the Marine Science Department.
Maritime Archaeology
Maritime Archaeology is an interdisciplinary field of study, global in scope, focusing on the investigations of human interactions with the seas, lakes, and rivers through the excavation and documentation of submerged settlements and coastal facilities, wrecked vessels, lost cargoes, and human remains. The program integrates technology, such as side-scan sonar and undersea robotic vehicles, and science with traditional archaeological and historical studies. The minor introduces students to the development and application of current and future methods of exploration, research, and management of maritime heritage sites and resources. Students interested in pursuing this minor are advised to complete appropriate 100-level courses in a number of fields as preparation for advanced courses in their program in Maritime Archaeology. These should include some of the following courses: ANTH 106; MARN 170 or 171; GEOL 103 or 105; GEOG 104; HIST 100, 101, 108.
Requirements for the Minor: 18 Credit hours of course work as follows:
· ANTH 214, 289
Select one course from the Science/Technology list:
· GEOL/MARN 203; GEOG 205, 246
Select nine credits from the History/Anthropology/Marine Studies list:
· 6 credits of ANTH 297*; HIST 211, 245; ANTH 263W, 253, 267; 1 to 3 credits of MAST 290* (with advance approval by advisor and MAST program coordinator)
*Students may count either ANTH 297 or MAST 290 but not both for this category.
The minor is offered by Maritme Studies. Interested students may contact Helen Rozwadowski at Helen.Rozwadowski@uconn.edu.
Materials Science and Engineering
This minor provides a firm basis for understanding the relationships between the structure of all classes of materials, the processing conditions, and the properties of these materials that are critical to science and engineering. It requires the completion of 16 credits including the following:
- An approved Plan of Study
- MMAT 243 (or 201), 244, and 284 (or 202)
- 9 credits selected from MMAT 200-level courses (but not more than 3 credits of independent study MMAT 299), BME 271, and BME 273
The minor is offered by the Materials Science and Engineering Program of the Chemical, Materials, and Biomolecular Engineering Department. For more information, contact Dr. Pamir Alpay at p.alpay@mail.ims.uconn.edu.
Mathematics
The requirements for this minor are 15-18 credits of Mathematics, following one of these tracks:
Either 1. MATH 210 (or 230 or 245), 211 (or 221 or 246), 227 (or 215 or 246), and two additional courses from the following: MATH 204, 216 (or 265), 223, 225, 231, 235, 250 (or 267), 252, 258, 273 (or 261), 281, 286 or certain sections of 297, 298, and 299 approved by the department head.
or 2. Math 243, 244, 245 and 246.
The minor is offered by the Mathematics Department.
* Read an Advance article about a professor in the Department of Mathematics.
Middle Eastern Studies
This minor is intended to enable students to pursue a multi-disciplinary approach to the Middle East and to acquire a thorough understanding of the area from anthropological, economic, historical, literary, political, and religious perspectives.
Students electing this minor must complete at least 18 credits at the 200's level that satisfy the following criteria.
1. The basic required course is HIST 205.
2. In addition, students must complete five courses, spread across at least four fields, from the following list: ANTH 238; CLCS 201, 203, 214; ECON 204(W); FREN 218; HEB 201/JUDS 201; HEB 279; HIST 204, 290; HIST 212/ANTH 257; HIST 213/CAMS 253; HIST /HEB 218, CAMS 256/JUDS 218; INTD 294; POLS 224, 226, and 200-level courses on Middle East Languages.
Courses offered by the Comparative Literary and Cultural Studies (CLCS) Program count toward the minor when the topic contains substantial Middle Eastern material.
With the approval of a student's Middle Eastern Advisor, one other course not listed above or a 3-credit independent study course with substantial Middle Eastern content may also be counted toward the minor.
The Critical Languages Program offers courses in Middle Eastern languages that may be used to fulfill the foreign language requirement of the University. Students are strongly encouraged to take a language relating to their field of study.
The minor is offered by the Middle East Studies Committee. For information, contact Lucy McNeece: lucy.mcneece@uconn.edu.
Molecular and Cell Biology
Students wishing to complete this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200's level MCB courses, including at least one course from each of the following three groups:
The minor is offered by the Molecular and Cell Biology Department.
* Read an Advance article about a student who is a Nutmeg Scholar in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology . (Photo by Peter Morenus)
* Read an Advance article about research on cloning by a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology .
* Read an Advance article about research on wine yeasts by a professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology .
Music 
This minor requires a minimum of 18 credits in Music:
1. Completion of MUSI 153 and 155 or MUSI 145 and 146 if the student qualifies. (6 credits)
2. Completion of two courses chosen from MUSI 190, 193, 194, 284, 285, 286. (6 credits)
3. At least 6 additional credits in Music, selected from courses for which the student has the necessary prerequisites or instructor consent, except MUSI 191, which may not be applied toward the minor. The courses selected may be in performance (except MUSI 108 or 109) or academic studies.*
*Private applied study (MUSI 121, 122, 222) is normally not offered to non-majors. Students who wish to do so may enroll for private lessons through the University's Community School of the Arts.
The minor is offered by the Music Department.
Native American Studies
Students must complete a total of nine hours in three courses: ANTH 226; ENGL 272; and HIST 237. Students will then select one of five tracks: Archaeology; History and Culture; Native Latin Americans; Gender and Religion; Ecology, Environment and Policy. Each student will complete three courses within their decided track. Completion of a total of 18 credits is required.
This minor is offered by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. For more information, contact Kevin McBride at kmcbride@mptn.org.
Neuroscience
The requirements for this minor are at least 15 credits of 200 level courses that are structured in the following manner. Required lecture courses: All students must take both PSYC 257 and PNB 251. Lab requirement: Students must take at least one of the following: PSYC 267/267W, PSYC 263W, or PNB 263W Investigations in Neurobiology. Additional courses, up to at least 15 credits: PSYC 220, 253, 254, 259, 263; PNB 262. Graduate courses in PSYC or PNB may be counted with permission of the neuroscience minor advisor. The additional courses should be selected in consultation with neuroscience advisors in psychology or physiology and neurobiology. Up to 3 credits of independent study (PNB 299, PSYC 297) may be counted towards the minor with permission of the neuroscience minor advisor.
The minor is offered by the Psychology Department and the Physiology and Neurobiology Department. Interested students should contact John Salamone at Salamone@psych.psy.uconn.edu
Nutrition for Exercise and Sport
This minor has been established in cooperation with the Department of Kinesiology. Students admitted to the minor are expected to have completed PNB 264 and PNB 265 with a grade of B or better. All students are required to complete a minimum of 17 credits.
Students in this minor must pass:
EKIN 248, 258; NUSC 250, 241
And two of the following courses for an additional 6 credits:
EKIN 238, 259, 263, 299; NUSC 281 or 299
The minor is offered jointly by the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the Neag School of Education. Students who are interested in pursuing this minor should contact Nancy Rodriguez at: Nancy.Rodriguez@uconn.edu.
Oceanography
This minor focuses on biological, chemical, geological, and physical oceanography. Students pursuing the minor must take at least 15 credits of 200- level courses, including 3 courses from Group A, and 2 additional courses from either group A or B.:
A. MARN 260, 270, 275W, 280W
B. MARN 200, 210-211, 230, 235, 236, 265, 267
Coastal Studies majors may not choose MARN 260. No more than 2 courses may be counted towards both this minor and the student's major.
The minor is offered by the Department of Marine Sciences. More information is available on the internet: www.marinesciences.uconn.edu, by email: marinesciences@uconn.edu, or by phone: 860-405-9152.
Philosophy
A student must take at least 15 credits of philosophy, at the 200's level or higher, including one course from at least three of the following categories:
Category I: History of Philosophy: PHIL 221 (CAMS 257), 222, 261
Category II: Metaphysics and Epistemology: PHIL 210, 212, 250
Category III: Logic and Philosophy of Language: PHIL 211, 241
Category IV: Value Theory: PHIL 215, 217, 218
The minor is offered by the Philosophy Department.
Physics
Although this minor is particularly suitable for students in the physical or life sciences as well as in engineering, it will also serve other students who have the appropriate lower division calculus-based physics preparation. The minor introduces the students to the core concepts in mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermal physics, and quantum physics, and provides further opportunities to study laser physics, optics, nuclear and particle physics, and astrophysics. The minor requires a minimum of fifteen credits of 200-level course work.
Course Requirements
A minimum of fifteen credits, of which nine are from part (a) and six are from part (b):
(a) At least one course from each of the three groups below:
Group one : PHYS 230Q
Group two : Either PHYS 209 or two additional courses: one from either PHYS 242 or ME 214 and one from either PHYS 255 or ECE 205
Group three : PHYS 210 or both PHYS 271 and 261
(b) Two or more elective courses (at least six credits) from any of the PHYS 200's courses other than the ones already taken above, with no more than three credits from each of PHYS 291, 292W and 299. The minor is offered by the Physics Department.
* Read an Advance article about a professor in the Department of Physics.
* Read an Advance article about the chair of the Department of Physics.
Physiology and Neurobiology
Students desiring this minor must take at least 15 credits of 200's level PNB courses including fulfilling the Core requirements of either Group A or Group B, below:
Group A. PNB 274 - 275 (8 credits)
Group B. PNB 250 (3 credits), PNB 251 (3 credits), PNB 263W (3 credits), PNB 262 (2 credits)
The minor is offered by the Physiology and Neurobiology Department.
Political Science
Students must complete one introductory 100-level course selected from among POLS 106; 121 or 132; 143; or 173. At least one additional 100-level course is recommended. Students must complete at least 15 credits of course work at the 200's level (or higher, with consent of instructor and minor advisor). POLS 297 and 299 may not be counted toward the minor. POLS 296 and 298 maybe counted toward the minor only with consent of the advisor. A W or Q course may be substituted for the same numbered course.
Courses must be selected from at least three of the six disciplinary subdivisions.
Cross-listed courses may count only once toward this distribution requirement:
- I. Theory and Methodology: 201, 202, 204 (WS 204), 206W, 207, 291
- II. Comparative Politics: 203W, 223, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 239 (AFAM 239), 244, 258 (HRTS 258)
- III. International Relations:
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